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The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. This organ (medical term: glandula thyreoidea) is found at the front of the neck, under the voice box.

Just as your car engine can't run without gasoline, your thyroid needs fuel to produce thyroid hormone. This fuel is iodine. Iodine is found in such foods as iodized table salt, seafood, bread, and milk. When you eat these foods, the iodine passes into your bloodstream. Your thyroid then extracts this necessary ingredient from your blood and uses it to make two kinds of thyroid hormone: thyroxine, called T4 because it contains four iodine atoms, and triiodothyronine, or T3, which contains three iodine atoms. The thyroid's output consists primarily of T4. Most of the T3 the body needs is created outside the thyroid in organs and tissues that use T3, such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. These tissues convert T4 from the thyroid into T3 by removing an iodine atom.

Your car engine burns fuel, but it is you who tells it how hard to work by stepping on the gas pedal. When the body needs thyroid hormone, the thyroid secretes it into your bloodstream in quantities needed for the metabolic needs of your cells. The hormone easily slips into cells and attaches to special receptors. The thyroid also needs to be told what to do. To make the exact right amount of hormones, the thyroid gland needs the help of another gland: the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland “tells” the thyroid gland whether to release more or less hormones into the bloodstream. The messages come in the form of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH levels in your bloodstream rise or fall depending on whether there is enough thyroid hormone in your system. Higher levels of TSH prompt the thyroid to produce more hormone, until T4 levels come down to a constant level. Conversely, low TSH levels signal the thyroid to slow down production.

How are thyroid problems diagnosed?
Blood tests are used to find hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Your doctor may want to measure your amount of TSH or T4 (or both), and sometimes T3. You also may have a blood test for certain antibodies. This can show if your body's immune system is attacking your thyroid gland. In some cases, you may have other tests—such as an ultrasound or a radioactive scan—to look for problems with your thyroid.

How are thyroid problems treated?
If you have too little thyroid hormone, you can take thyroid replacement medicine. After starting treatment, you will have regular visits with your doctor to make sure you have the right dose of medicine. If you have too much thyroid hormone, you may take antithyroid medicine to lower your hormone level or radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland. During and after treatment, you will have regular blood tests to check your thyroid hormones to see if the treatment is working. In rare cases, surgery may be done.

If you suspect that you are suffering from any thyroid disbalance, get in touch with your endocrinologist.

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